Brucellosis, caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, remains one of the most significant zoonotic bacterial diseases globally. The pathogen's broad host range, encompassing cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs, and various wildlife species, makes it an ongoing challenge for veterinarians, livestock producers, and public health authorities.

🔬 Key Characteristics and Impacts of Brucella

Brucella is highly infectious and capable of establishing chronic infections, which complicates control efforts.

Impact on Livestock Production:
In farm animals, Brucella infection often leads to severe reproductive disorders, including abortions, birth of weak offspring, infertility, and reduced milk yield. These clinical manifestations not only affect animal welfare but also cause significant economic losses.

Impact on Canine Health:
Brucella canis is a major cause of reproductive failure in dogs. It has become a growing concern in breeding kennels, where it can lead to widespread breeding problems.

Public Health Threat:
As a zoonotic agent, Brucella poses a direct risk to humans who have close contact with infected animals or contaminated materials (e.g., aborted fetuses, reproductive discharges), particularly occupational groups such as veterinarians and farm workers.

📌 Main Routes of Transmission

Brucella can be transmitted through several pathways:

Direct Contact: Exposure to aborted fetuses, placental materials, reproductive secretions, or other contaminated substances from infected animals;

Oral Route: Ingestion of contaminated feed or water;

Venereal Transmission: Spread between animals through mating;

Airborne Transmission: Inhalation of infectious aerosols in confined or high-risk environments.

💡 Overview of Control Strategies

Outbreaks of brucellosis can disrupt breeding programs, reduce productivity, and trigger restrictions on animal trade. Therefore, implementing comprehensive control measures is essential:

Early Recognition and Diagnosis: Enhance clinical surveillance and laboratory testing for early detection and reporting.

Strict Biosecurity Measures: Prevent pathogen introduction and spread, with particular attention to the movement of personnel, vehicles, and equipment.

Strategic Vaccination Programs: Implement effective vaccination in endemic regions or for specific animal species.

Ongoing Surveillance and Eradication Efforts: Conduct regular monitoring, manage infected herds promptly, and work towards eventual herd clearance.

Conclusion

Brucellosis, as a persistent zoonotic disease, requires coordinated, long-term efforts from veterinary services, livestock industries, and public health sectors. Through the consistent implementation of integrated control strategies—centered on surveillance, biosecurity, and preventive vaccination—we can progressively mitigate and eliminate the threat this disease poses to animal health, economic development, and public health.

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